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What Did the Alien Acts Allow the U.s. Government to Do?

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1798 U.S. laws restricting immigration and outlawing criticism of the government

Alien and Sedition Acts
Great Seal of the United States
Effective 1798

In 1798, President John Adams signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th Us Congress.[one] [a] They made it harder for an immigrant to go a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport not-citizens who were known equally unsafe ("An Deed Concerning Aliens", too known as the "Alien Friends Act" of 1798)[2] or who were from a hostile nation ("Conflicting Enemy Deed" of 1798),[three] and criminalized making 'imitation statements' critical of the federal government ("Sedition Deed" of 1798).[4] The "Alien Friends Act" expired two years after its passage, and the "Sedition Deed" expired on iii March 1801, while the "Naturalization Act" and "Alien Enemies Act" had no expiration clause.

The Federalists argued that the bills strengthened national security during the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval state of war with France from 1798 to 1800. Critics argued that they were primarily an attempt to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist party and its teachings, and violated the right of liberty of speech in the Starting time Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[five]

The Naturalization Deed increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years. At the time, the majority of immigrants supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political opponents of the Federalists.[i] The Alien Friends Act allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United states of america" at whatever time, while the Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to do the aforementioned to any male citizen of a hostile nation higher up the historic period of xiv during times of war. Lastly, the controversial Sedition Human action restricted speech that was critical of the federal government. Nether the Sedition Act, the Federalists allowed people who were defendant of violating the sedition laws to utilize truth as a defense.[6] The Sedition Act resulted in the prosecution and conviction of many Jeffersonian newspaper owners who disagreed with the authorities.[vi]

The acts were denounced by Democratic-Republicans and ultimately helped them to victory in the 1800 election, when Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent, President Adams. The Sedition Act and the Conflicting Friends Human action were allowed to expire in 1800 and 1801, respectively. The Alien Enemies Act, however, remains in effect as Chapter iii; Sections 21–24 of Championship l of the The states Code.[7] It was used past the government to identify and imprison allegedly "dangerous enemy" aliens from Frg, Nippon, and Italy in World War II. (This was separate from the Japanese internment camps used to remove people of Japanese descent from the West Coast.) Later the war they were deported to their home countries. In 1948 the Supreme Court determined that presidential powers nether the acts continued after cessation of hostilities until there was a peace treaty with the hostile nation. The revised Alien Enemies Act remains in result today.[8]

History [edit]

The Federalists' fear of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party reached new heights with the Democratic-Republicans' support of France in the midst of the French Revolution. Some appeared to desire a similar revolution in the United States to overthrow the government and social structure.[nine] Newspapers sympathizing with each side exacerbated the tensions past accusing the other side'south leaders of corruption, incompetence, and treason.[x] As the unrest sweeping Europe threatened to spread to the United States, calls for secession started to rise, and the fledgling nation seemed fix to tear itself apart.[11] Some of this agitation was seen past Federalists every bit having been caused past French and French-sympathizing immigrants.[11] The Conflicting Act and the Sedition Act were meant to guard against this perceived threat of anarchy.

The Acts were highly controversial at the time, especially the Sedition Act. The Sedition Act, which was signed into constabulary by Adams on July 14, 1798,[12] was hotly debated in the Federalist-controlled Congress and passed only after multiple amendments softening its terms, such as enabling defendants to argue in their defence that their statements had been true. Notwithstanding, information technology passed the House only later on three votes and another amendment causing it to automatically expire in March 1801.[10] They continued to exist loudly protested and were a major political outcome in the election of 1800. Opposition to them resulted in the likewise-controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, authored past James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

Prominent prosecutions under the Sedition Act include:

  • James Thomson Callender, a British subject, had been expelled from Corking U.k. for his political writings. Living beginning in Philadelphia, then seeking refuge close past in Virginia, he wrote a volume titled The Prospect Before Us (read and canonical by Vice President Jefferson before publication) in which he called the Adams administration a "continual tempest of cancerous passions" and the President a "repulsive pedant, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor." Callender, already residing in Virginia and writing for the Richmond Examiner, was indicted in mid-1800 nether the Sedition Human action and convicted, fined $200, and sentenced to nine months in jail.[13] : 211–20
  • Matthew Lyon was a Democratic-Republican congressman from Vermont. He was the first private to exist placed on trial under the Conflicting and Sedition Acts.[1] He was indicted in 1800 for an essay he had written in the Vermont Journal accusing the administration of "ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice." While awaiting trial, Lyon commenced publication of Lyon's Republican Magazine, subtitled "The Scourge of Aristocracy". At trial, he was fined $ane,000 and sentenced to four months in jail. After his release, he returned to Congress.[xiv] [13] : 102–108
  • Benjamin Franklin Bache was editor of the Philadelphia Aurora, a Democratic-Republican newspaper. Bache had accused George Washington of incompetence and fiscal irregularities, and "the blind, baldheaded, bedridden, toothless, querulous Adams" of nepotism and monarchical appetite. He was arrested in 1798 nether the Sedition Human activity, just he died of xanthous fever earlier trial.[13] : 27–29, 65, 96
  • Anthony Haswell was an English language immigrant and a printer of the Jeffersonian Vermont Gazette.[fifteen] Haswell had reprinted from the Aurora Bache'south claim that the federal regime employed Tories, likewise publishing an advertisement from Lyon's sons for a lottery to raise money for his fine that decried Lyon'southward oppression by jailers exercising "usurped powers".[xvi] Haswell was found guilty of seditious libel by gauge William Paterson, and sentenced to a two-month imprisonment and a $200 fine.[17]
  • Luther Baldwin was indicted, bedevilled, and fined $100 for a drunken incident that occurred during a visit by President Adams to Newark, New Bailiwick of jersey. Upon hearing a gun study during a parade, he yelled "I hope it hit Adams in the arse."[18] [xiii] : 112–fourteen
  • In Nov 1798, David Chocolate-brown led a group in Dedham, Massachusetts, including Benjamin Fairbanks, in setting up a liberty pole with the words, "No Stamp Act, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Country Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Long Live the Vice President."[17] [xix] [20] Brownish was arrested in Andover, Massachusetts, but because he could not beget the $iv,000 bond, he was taken to Salem for trial.[19] Brown was tried in June 1799.[17] Brownish pleaded guilty, but Justice Samuel Chase asked him to proper name others who had assisted him.[17] Brown refused, was fined $480 (equivalent to $7,300 in 2020),[xix] [21] and sentenced to eighteen months in prison, the almost astringent sentence imposed under the Sedition Act.[17] [nineteen]

Contemporaneous reaction [edit]

After the passage of the highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts, protests occurred beyond the country,[22] with some of the largest being seen in Kentucky, where the crowds were so large they filled the streets and the entire town[ which? ] square.[23] Noting the outrage amongst the populace, the Democratic-Republicans made the Alien and Sedition Acts an important upshot in the 1800 ballot campaign. Upon assuming the Presidency, Thomas Jefferson pardoned those still serving sentences nether the Sedition Human action,[xiii] : 231 and Congress before long repaid their fines.[24] It has been said that the Alien Acts were aimed at Albert Gallatin, and the Sedition Act aimed at Benjamin Bache's Aurora.[25] While government government prepared lists of aliens for deportation, many aliens fled the country during the debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Adams never signed a displacement lodge.[xiii] : 187–93

The Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures besides passed the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, secretly authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, denouncing the federal legislation.[26] [27] [28] While the eventual resolutions followed Madison in advocating "interposition", Jefferson'southward initial draft would accept nullified the Acts and even threatened secession.[b] Jefferson's biographer Dumas Malone argued that this might accept gotten Jefferson impeached for treason, had his actions get known at the time.[thirty] In writing the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson warned that, "unless arrested at the threshold", the Alien and Sedition Acts would "necessarily drive these states into revolution and claret".[ This quote needs a commendation ]

The Alien and Sedition Acts were never appealed to the Supreme Court, whose power of judicial review was not clearly established until Marbury 5. Madison in 1803. Subsequent mentions in Supreme Court opinions beginning in the mid-20th century have assumed that the Sedition Act would today be found unconstitutional.[c]

The Alien Enemies Act in the 20th and 21st centuries [edit]

The Alien Enemies Acts remained in result at the kickoff of World War I and remains U.South. law today.[8] It was recodified to be part of the U.s.a. war and national defence force statutes (fifty USC 21–24).[eight]

On Dec 7, 1941, responding to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used the authority of the revised Conflicting Enemies Deed to issue presidential proclamations #2525 (Conflicting Enemies – Japanese), #2526 (Alien Enemies – German language), and #2527 (Alien Enemies – Italian), to apprehend, restrain, secure and remove Japanese, German, and Italian non-citizens.[eight] On Feb 19, 1942, citing dominance of the wartime powers of the president and commander in chief, Roosevelt issued Executive Social club 9066, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe military areas and giving him say-so that superseded the authority of other executives under Proclamations 2525–7. EO 9066 led to the internment of Japanese Americans, whereby over 110,000 people of Japanese beginnings, 62% of whom were Usa citizens, non aliens, living on the Pacific coast were forcibly relocated and forced to alive in camps in the interior of the land.[32] [33]

Hostilities with Deutschland and Italy ended in May 1945, and with Nippon that August. Alien enemies, and U.Due south. citizens, continued to be interned. On July 14, 1945, President Harry S Truman issued Presidential Proclamation 2655, titled "Removal of Alien Enemies". The proclamation gave the Attorney General authority regarding enemy aliens inside the continental United States, to make up one's mind whether they are "dangerous to the public peace and condom of the United states", to order them removed, and to create regulations governing their removal. The proclamation cited the revised Alien Enemies Act (50 United statesC. 21–24) as to powers of the President to brand public declaration regarding "subjects of the hostile nation" more than fourteen years onetime and living inside the Us but not naturalized, to remove them as alien enemies, and to determine the means of removal.

On September eight, 1945, Truman issued Presidential Annunciation 2662, titled "Removal of Alien Enemies". The revised Alien Enemies Act (fifty U.S.C. 21–24) was cited every bit to removal of conflicting enemies in the involvement of the public condom. The United states had agreed, at a conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1942, to assume responsibility for the restraint and repatriation of dangerous conflicting enemies to be sent to the U.s. from Latin American republics. In another inter-American briefing in Mexico City on March 8, 1945, North and Southward American governments resolved to recommended adoption of measures to prevent aliens of hostile nations who were deemed to be security threats or threats to welfare from remaining in North or S America. Truman gave say-so to the Secretary of Country to make up one's mind if conflicting enemies in the United states of america who were sent to the United States from Latin America, or who were in the United States illegally, endangered the welfare or security of the country. The Secretary of State was given power to remove them "to destinations outside the limits of the Western Hemisphere", to the former enemy territory of the governments to whose "principles of which (the alien enemies) have adhered". The Section of Justice was directed to help the Secretary of State in their prompt removal.

On April 10, 1946, Truman issued Presidential Proclamation 2685, titled "Removal of Conflicting Enemies", citing the revised Alien Enemies Deed (l U.s.C. 21–24) as to its provision for the "removal from the Usa of conflicting enemies in the interest of the public safety". Truman proclaimed regulations that were in addition to and supplemented other "regulations affecting the restraint and removal of alien enemies". As to alien enemies who had been brought into the continental United States from Latin America after December 1941, the proclamation gave the Secretary of State authorisation to decide if their presence was "prejudicial to the future security or welfare of the Americas", and to make regulations for their removal. 30 days was set as the reasonable time for them to "event the recovery, disposal, and removal of (their) goods and furnishings, and for (their) departure".

In 1947 New York'southward Ellis Island connected to incarcerate hundreds of ethnic Germans. Fort Lincoln was a large internment camp still holding internees in N Dakota. North Dakota was represented past controversial Senator William "Wild Bill" Langer. Langer introduced a bill (S. 1749) "for the relief of all persons detained as enemy aliens", and directing the U.South. Attorney General to cancel "outstanding warrants of arrest, removal, or deportation" for many High german aliens notwithstanding interned, listing many by proper noun, and all of those detained past the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which was under the Department of Justice. It directed the INS not to issue any more warrants or orders, if their but footing was the original warrants of arrest. The neb never passed. The Attorney General gave upwardly plenary jurisdiction over the terminal internee on Ellis Isle late in 1948.

In Ludecke five. Watkins (1948), the Supreme Courtroom interpreted the time of release under the Alien Enemies Act. German alien Kurt Thousand. W. Ludecke was detained in 1941, under Annunciation 2526. and continued to be held afterward cessation of hostilities. In 1947, Ludecke petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus to order his release, afterwards the Attorney General ordered him deported. The court ruled 5–4 to release Ludecke, but also plant that the Alien Enemies Human action allowed for detainment across the time hostilities ceased, until an actual treaty was signed with the hostile nation or government.

In 1988, Congress introduced the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, whose purpose amongst others was to acknowledge and apologize for actions of the U.Southward. confronting individuals of Japanese ancestry during Globe War II.[34] The statement from Congress agreed with the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, that "a grave injustice was done to both citizens and permanent resident aliens of Japanese ... without acceptable security reasons and without whatsoever acts of espionage or demolition documented by the Commission, and were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership".[ This quote needs a commendation ]

In 2015, presidential candidate Donald Trump called for a temporary ban on any Muslims entering the country in response to the San Bernardino assault.[35] He later shifted his proposal,[36] and made a proposal to ban people from seven predominantly Muslim countries from inbound the United States; Roosevelt's application of the Alien Enemies Deed was cited as a possible justification. The proposal created international controversy, drawing criticism from foreign heads of state that accept historically remained uninvolved in United States presidential elections.[37] [38] [39] [forty] [d] A onetime Reagan Assistants aide noted that, despite criticism of Trump's proposal to invoke the law, "the Conflicting Enemies Act ... is still on the books ... (and people) in Congress for many decades (haven't) repealed the law ... (nor has) Barack Obama".[41] Other critics claimed that the proposal violated founding principles, and was unconstitutional for singling out a religion, and non a hostile nation. They included the Pentagon and others, who argued that the proposal (and its citation of the Conflicting Enemies proclamations equally authorisation) played into the ISIL narrative that the United States was at war with the unabridged Muslim religion (not just with ISIL and other terrorist entities).[42] On June 26, 2018, in the 5–4 decision Trump five. Hawaii, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Presidential Declaration 9645, the third version of President Trump's travel ban, with the bulk stance being written by Chief Justice John Roberts.[43]

See also [edit]

  • Conflicting Human activity of 1705 in Peachy Britain
  • Seditious Meetings Act 1795 in Bully Britain
  • Ceremonious Liberties Act of 1988
  • Espionage Act of 1917
  • Logan Act of 1799
  • Nullification Crisis
  • Sedition Deed of 1918
  • Alien Registration Human activity of 1940
  • USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
  • Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Human activity of 2007
  • State Secrecy Law of 2013 in Nihon

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ An "alien" in this sense, is a person who is non a national of the United States.
  2. ^ Jefferson's draft said:
    ... "where powers are assumed [by the federal government] which accept not been delegated, a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases non within the compact, (casus non fœderis) to nullify of their own potency all assumptions of ability by others within their limits."[29]
  3. ^ In the seminal complimentary speech case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the Court declared
    "Although the Sedition Deed was never tested in this Courtroom, the attack upon its validity has carried the mean solar day in the court of history."[24]
    In a concurring opinion in Watts v. United states of america (which involved an alleged threat against President Johnson) William O. Douglas noted
    "The Conflicting and Sedition Laws constituted one of our sorriest chapters; and I had idea we had done with them forever ... Suppression of voice communication as an effective law measure is an erstwhile, onetime device, outlawed past our Constitution."[31]
  4. ^ The list of countries named in Mr. Trump's announcement included North korea and Venezuela, which are non-bulk-Muslim countries, hence the claim information technology was [exclusively] a "ban on Muslims" is fake. [All the same, the remaining countries on the list were Syria, Islamic republic of iran, Chad, Libya, Yemen, and Somalia, each with differing levels of restriction; Iraq was covered in a prior guild. Later orders banned Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Nigeria, Sudan, and Tanzania. Hence 10 out of thirteen of the banned countries were bulk Muslim, or plurality Muslim. See Countries included in the executive gild and related proclamations.]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c "The Alien and Sedition Acts: Defining American Freedom". Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2003. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved xiv October 2015.
  2. ^ "An Act Concerning Aliens". retentiveness.loc.gov. U.South. Library of Congress. 25 June 1798. Sess Ii, Chap. 58; 5th Congress.
  3. ^ "An Human activity respecting Alien Enemies" (PDF). library.uwb.edu. 25 June 1798. Sess 2, Chap. 58; 1 Stat. 577 5th Congress; ch. 66.
  4. ^ "An Act in add-on the deed, entitled, "An Act for the penalization of certain crimes against the United States"". memory.loc.gov. U.S. Library of Congress. 14 July 1798. Sess Ii, Chap. 74; fifth Congress.
  5. ^ Watkins, William J., Jr. (fourteen Feb 2008). Reclaiming the American Revolution. p. 28. ISBN978-0-230-60257-ane.
  6. ^ a b Gillman, Howard; Graber, Marking A.; Whittington, Keith E. (2012). American Constitutionalism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN978-0-nineteen-975135-viii.
  7. ^ "Alien Enemies". Constabulary Schoolhouse. Cornell University. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d "Alien Enemies Act and related World War Two presidential proclamations". German American Internee Coalition.
  9. ^ "Thomas Jefferson: Establishing a Federal Republic". Library of Congress. 24 Apr 2000.
  10. ^ a b Weisberger, Bernard A. (2000). America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800. William Morrow. p. 201.
  11. ^ a b Knott, Stephen F. (2005). Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth. Lawrence, KA: University Press of Kansas. p. 48. ISBN978-0-7006-1419-6.
  12. ^ "The Sedition Act of 1798". history.business firm.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d eastward f Miller, John C. (1951). Crunch in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts . New York: Lilliputian Chocolate-brown and Company.
  14. ^ Foner, Eric (2008). Give Me Liberty!. W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 282–283. ISBN978-0-393-93257-7.
  15. ^ Tyler, Resch. "Anthony Haswell". Bennington Museum. Archived from the original on ii April 2016.
  16. ^ Wharton, Francis (1849). State Trials of the United States during the administrations of Washington and Adams. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart. pp. 684–587.
  17. ^ a b c d due east Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Spoken language in Wartime from the Sedition Human action of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 63–64. ISBN978-0-393-05880-ii.
  18. ^ Smith, James Morton (1956), Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American civil liberties, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 270–274
  19. ^ a b c d Tise, Larry East. (1998). The American Counterrevolution: a Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800. Stackpole Books. pp. 420–421. ISBN978-0-8117-0100-6.
  20. ^ Curtis, Michael Kent (2000). Free speech communication, "the people's darling privilege": Struggles for freedom of expression in American history. Duke University Press. p. 88. ISBN978-0-8223-2529-i.
  21. ^ Simon, James F. (2003). What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Ballsy Struggle to Create a United States . Simon and Schuster. p. 55. ISBN978-0-684-84871-half dozen.
  22. ^ Halperin, Terri Diane (8 May 2016). The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. ISBN9781421419701.
  23. ^ Bradburn, Douglas (2009). The Citizenship Revolution – Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774–1804. University of Virginia Press. ISBN9780813935768. onetime ISBN 0813935768
  24. ^ a b Full Supreme Court opinion. Law Schoolhouse (Report). New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. Cornell University. 1964. 376 U.S. 254, 276.
  25. ^ Forest, Thomas E., Jr. (2005). "What states rights really mean". LewRockwell.com. [ better source needed ]
  26. ^ Portal:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
  27. ^ Wikisource:Virginia Resolutions of 1798
  28. ^ Reed, Ishmael (5 July 2004). "Thomas Jefferson: The Patriot Human action of the 18th century". Time magazine. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.
  29. ^ Jefferson, Thomas. "Jefferson'southward typhoon of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798". constitution.org.
  30. ^ Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton . New York, NY: Penguin Press. pp. 586–587. ISBN9781594200090 – via Annal.org.
  31. ^ "Watts v. U.s.". findlaw.com. 394 U.S. 705.
  32. ^ Semiannual Study of the State of war Relocation Dominance, for the period January i to June thirty, 1946, not dated. Papers of Dillon S. Myer. Scanned image at Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Motorcar trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved September 18, 2006.
  33. ^ "The State of war Relocation Authority and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans During Earth War II: 1948 Chronology", Spider web folio Archived 2015-xi-05 at the Wayback Machine at world wide web.trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved September xi, 2006.
  34. ^ Ceremonious Liberties Deed of 1988, GPO Public Police 100-383, 1988
  35. ^ Johnson, Jenna (vii Dec 2015). "Trump calls for 'full and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United states'". The Washington Post.
  36. ^ Faulders, Katherine (25 June 2016). "Trump Shifts Muslim Ban to Focus on Only 'Terrorist' Nations". ABC News . Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  37. ^ "David Cameron criticises Donald Trump 'Muslim ban' call". BBC News.
  38. ^ Walsh, Deirdre; Diamond, Jeremy; Barrett, Ted (eight December 2015). "Priebus, Ryan, and McConnell rip Trump anti-Muslim proposal". CNN.
  39. ^ Gowen, Annie (viii December 2015). "The world reacts to Trump's proposed ban on Muslims entering the U.S." The Washington Post.
  40. ^ Kamisar, Ben (7 December 2015). "Trump calls for 'shutdown' of Muslims entering United states of america". The Hill.
  41. ^ Kirell, Andrew (8 Dec 2015). "Reagan aide: Trump'south critics are the real xenophobes". The Daily Beast.
  42. ^ "Trump'due south Muslim ban call 'endangers U.S. security'". BBC News. 8 Dec 2015. Retrieved viii December 2015.
  43. ^ Liptak, Adam; Shear, Michael D. (26 June 2018). "Trump's travel ban is upheld by Supreme Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

Further reading [edit]

  • Berkin, Carol. A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Nascency of American Nationalism (2017) pp 201–44.
  • Berns, Walter (1970). "Freedom of the Press and the Alien and Sedition Laws: A Reappraisal". Supreme Court Review. 1970: 109–159. doi:10.1086/scr.1970.3108724. JSTOR 3108724. S2CID 147242863.
  • Bird, Wendell. Criminal Dissent: Prosecutions under the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. Harvard University Press, 2020.
  • Bird, Wendell. Press and Speech Under Assault: The Early Supreme Court Justices, the Sedition Deed of 1798, and the Campaign Against Dissent. New York: Oxford Academy Press, 2016.
  • Elkins, Stanley Grand.; McKitrick, Eric (1995). The Age of Federalism.
  • Halperin, Terri Diane. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution. Johns Hopkins Academy Printing, 2016.
  • Jenkins, David (Apr 2001). "The Sedition Act of 1798 and the Incorporation of Seditious Libel into Beginning Amendment Jurisprudence". The American Journal of Legal History. 45 (two): 154–213. doi:10.2307/3185366. JSTOR 3185366.
  • Martin, James P. (Winter 1999). "When Repression Is Democratic and Constitutional: The Federalist Theory of Representation and the Sedition Act of 1798". Academy of Chicago Police Review. 66 (ane): 117–182. doi:x.2307/1600387. JSTOR 1600387.
  • Miller, John Chester (1951). Crisis in Liberty: The Alien and Sedition Acts . New York: Little Brown and Company.
  • Rehnquist, William H. (1994). Grand Inquests: The Celebrated Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson. Hunt was impeached and acquitted for his conduct of a trial under the Sedition act.
  • Rosenfeld, Richard N. (1997). American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns: The Suppressed History of Our Nation's Beginnings and the Heroic Paper That Tried to Report It . New York: St. Martin's Printing.
  • Smith, James Morton (1956). Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Ceremonious Liberties . Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Complimentary Speech in Wartime from The Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism .
  • Taylor, Alan (2004). "The Alien and Sedition Acts". In Zelizer, Julian E. (ed.). The American Congress. pp. 63–76.
  • Wineapple, Brenda, "Our First Disciplinarian Crackdown" (review of Wendell Bird, Criminal Dissent: Prosecutions under the Conflicting and Sedition Acts of 1798, Harvard University Press, 2020, 546 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVII, no. 11 (2 July 2020), pp. 39–xl. Wineapple closes: "Jefferson said it all: 'I know non what mortifies me most, that I should fear to write what I think, or my country bear such a country of things.'"
  • Wright, Barry (Apr 2002). "Migration, Radicalism, and Land Security: Legislative Initiatives in the Canada and the U.s.a. c. 1794–1804". Studies in American Political Development. 16 (1): 48–60. doi:ten.1017/S0898588X02000032. S2CID 145076899.

Primary sources [edit]

  • Randolph, J.Due west. The Virginia Report of 1799–1800, Touching the Alien and Sedition Laws; together with the Virginia Resolutions of December 21, 1798, the Argue and Proceedings thereon in the Business firm of Delegates of Virginia, and several other documents illustrative of the report and resolutions

External links [edit]

  • Full Text of Alien and Sedition Acts
  • Conflicting and Sedition Acts and Related Resource from the Library of Congress
  • Naturalization Act, 1798
  • Alien Friends Human activity, Alien Enemies Act, Sedition Act, 1798
  • 50 U.Southward. Lawmaking § 21 – Restraint, regulation, 1918
  • Presidential Proclamation 2525, Conflicting Enemies—Japanese, December 07, 1941
  • Presidential Announcement 2526, Alien Enemies—German, December 07, 1941
  • Presidential Proclamation 2527, Alien Enemies—Italians, Dec 07, 1941
  • Executive Order 9066 Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas, Feb 19, 1942
  • Presidential Proclamation 2655—Removal of Alien Enemies, July xiv, 1945
  • Presidential Annunciation 2662—Removal of Alien Enemies, September viii, 1945
  • Presidential Proclamation 2685—Removal of Conflicting Enemies, April 10, 1946
  • Langer Nib, Due south. 1749, 1947
  • Ludecke v. Watkins, 335 U.South. 160 (1948)
  • Printing Release—"Donald J. Trump Statement on Preventing Muslim Immigration", Dec 07, 2015

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts#:~:text=The%20Alien%20Friends%20Act%20allowed,fourteen%20during%20times%20of%20war.

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